Fig. 5

Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure in atrial fibrillation: The first step of the algorithm consists of 4 echocardiographic parameters applied to all patients, classifying them as having normal or elevated LV filling pressure. If a patient is unclassified by the first step in the algorithm, then 3 supplementary parameters in the second step of the algorithm are applied to further classify that patient. LV, Left ventricular; E, Early diastolic; Decel, Deceleration; TR, Tricuspid regurgitation; LA, Left atrial; BMI; Body mass index