Table 1 Demographics and results (mean ± 1 SD)

Number

447

21

245

67

70

44

Age (years)

29.8 ± 15.0

21.2 ± 1.09

21.6 ± 5.2

21.4 ± 4.3

53.5 ± 6.6

54.2 ± 6.0

ns, ns,‡‡‡,§§§,ns

Height (m)

1.76 ± 0.12

1.79 ± 0.08

1.81 ± 0.07

1.66 ± 0.05

1.78 ± 0.07

1.66 ± 0.07

ns,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶¶

Training duration (hours/week)

13.7 ± 7.6

2.8 ± 4.0

16.9 ± 7.9

13.1 ± 4.3

8.7 ± 2.6

9.2 ± 3.7

***,†,‡‡‡,ns, ns

Years of training (years)

18.1 ± 11.1

8.3 ± 5.7

13.4 ± 4.6

13.9 ± 4.4

31.8 ± 13.7

30.8 ± 10.7

ns, ns,‡‡‡,§§§,ns

Height^2.7 (m^2.7)

4.67 ± 0.64

4.84 ± 0.49

4.96 ± 0.49

3.94 ± 0.35

4.78 ± 0.54

3.95 ± 0.45

ns,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶¶

Weight (kg)

88.9 ± 13.9

75.8 ± 11.8

88.9 ± 13.9

63.2 ± 7.1

76.0 ± 9.1

59.1 ± 7.9

**,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶¶

BMI (kg/m²)

25.2 ± 3.6

23.6 ± 3.1

27.1 ± 3.3

22.9 ± 2.2

23.9 ± 2.3

21.4 ± 2.1

***,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶¶

BSA (m²)

1.96 ± 0.23

1.94 ± 0.16

2.09 ± 0.18

1.70 ± 0.11

1.94 ± 0.14

1.65 ± 0.13

*,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶¶

Heart rate (bpm)

57.5 ± 10.4

70.9 ± 10.7

56.6 ± 9.5

58.5 ± 10.2

55.3 ± 10.4

58.1 ± 11.1

***,ns, ns, ns, ns

Systolic BP (mmHg)

127 ± 12

129 ± 10

130 ± 9

117 ± 13

130 ± 15

116 ± 12

ns,†††,ns, ns,¶¶¶

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

71.1 ± 8.5

74.4 ± 7.0

68.7 ± 6.6

67.2 ± 8.01

79.9 ± 7.8

74.9 ± 7.2

*,ns,‡‡‡,§§§,ns

LV muscle mass (g)

160 ± 41

121 ± 21

178 ± 32

119 ± 20

174 ± 45

120 ± 28

***,†††,ns, ns,¶¶¶

LVIDd (mm)

53.9 ± 4.44

48.8 ± 3.7

54.8 ± 3.8

49.2 ± 3.4

52.0 ± 4.8

46.0 ± 3.6

***,†††,‡‡‡,§§§,¶¶¶

EDWT (mm)

8.42 ± 1.07

7.53 ± 0.47

8.68 ± 0.8

7.32 ± 0.61

9.10 ± 1.26

8.03 ± 1.30

***,†††,‡‡,§§§,¶¶¶

LVIDs (mm)

35.1 ± 4.6

34.4 ± 3.0

37.1 ± 3.7

32.3 ± 3.4

34.2 ± 5.9

30.2 ± 3.0

***,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶¶

LVEF (%)

60.1 ± 5.3

59.4 ± 3.6

58.9 ± 4.7

61.7 ± 5.1

59.9 ± 5.9

65.8 ± 5.3

ns,†††,ns,§§§,ns

Mean S’ (cm/s)

9.9 ± 2.0

11.1 ± 2.0

10.3 ± 1.6

9.9 ± 1.5

8.6 ± 3.0

8.2 ± 1.3

ns, ns,‡‡‡,§§§,ns

Mean E/A ratio

2.07 ± 0.71

1.73 ± 0.45

2.19 ± 0.65

2.41 ± 0.79

dna

1.26 ± 0.42

***,ns, dna,§§§,dna

Mean E’ (cm/s)

15.8 ± 2.94

16.4 ± 3.02

16.2 ± 2.42

16.8 ± 2.67

dna

11.4 ± 2.28

ns, ns, dna,§§§,dna

Mean E/E’

5.38 ± 1.13

5.08 ± 1.01

5.31 ± 1.02

5.41 ± 1.21

dna

6.11 ± 1.46

ns, ns, dna,§,dna

GLS (%)

-19.7 ± 2.5

-19.0 ± 1.6

-20.1 ± 2.1

-19.9 ± 2.7

-18.4 ± 2.3

-19.6 ± 2.3

ns, ns, ns, ns, ns

Lamé longitudinal σ SBP (kPa)

22.9 ± 3.8

24.2 ± 3.1

23.8 ± 3.0

23.0 ± 3.3

21.3 ± 4.2

19.6 ± 4.8

ns, ns,‡‡‡,§§§,ns

Peak longitudinal force (N)

37.0 ± 8.5

32.3 ± 5.3

41.2 ± 6.6

30.0 ± 6.6

37.0 ± 8.4

26.1 ± 5.0

***,†††,‡‡,§§§,¶¶¶

Peak longitudinal force/LVM (N/mg)

204 ± 34

237 ± 30

201 ± 26

225 ± 32

188 ± 39

202 ± 51

***,†††,ns,§§,ns

GLASED (kJ/m³)

2.27 ± 0.48

2.31 ± 0.39

2.40 ± 0.42

2.28 ± 0.41

1.96 ± 0.51

1.92 ± 0.51

ns,†,‡‡‡,§§,ns

GLASE (mJ)

346 ± 116

268 ± 66

406 ± 98

260 ± 70

320 ± 102

215 ± 58

***,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶¶

GLASE/BSA (mJ/m²)

175 ± 49.3

139 ± 34.2

195 ± 44.3

153 ± 38.0

165 ± 51.6

130 ± 34.4

***,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶

GLASE/H^2.7 (mJ/m^2.7)

73.6 ± 21.1

56.1 ± 15.7

82.2 ± 19.0

66.1 ± 16.7

67.4 ± 21.2

54.8 ± 15.2

***,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶

GLP (mW)

327 ± 113

313 ± 79

381 ± 101

250 ± 69

293 ± 104

207 ± 67

***,†††,‡‡‡,ns,¶¶